Autumn is beginning to fade out and temperatures across the world are starting to drop as winter approaches. For some people who live in the most northern corners of the world, the cold weather is somewhat of a norm, but for most people, the bitterly cold temperatures are a shock to the system.
Cold weather doesn’t jut feel fresh, though; it can have a serious effect on your body, too. Here are some of the ways cooler temperatures impact your body and how your body tries to protect itself.
Runny nose
One of the most common (and annoying) ways your body attempts to combat the cold is by increasing mucus within the nose, causing it to run. When you breathe in, your nose automatically produces moisture to warm up with air before it travels to your lungs in order to protect the lung tissue. Cold air is usually very dry, and this irritates the nasal lining. In an effort to stop irritation and to protect sensitive lung tissue, your nose ups the level of moisture it produces. When there’s too much moisture, excess fluid drips out which causes a runny nose.
Dry skin
Cold air is dry because of a lack of humidity, and not only does this irritate your nose and cause it to run, it also irritates the rest of your skin. It’s extremely common for people to have dry skin during winter, but at most, it’s nothing more than annoying. The itchiness and flakiness isn’t detrimental to your health, but it can make your skin more sensitive and likely to crack. For this reason, it’s recommended that you moisturise daily to keep your skin hydrated and healthy.
Shivering
A common symptom of cold weather is shivering. When exposed to cooler temperatures for a period of time, your body temperature will drop as a consequence. The first port of call alongside a runny nose and potentially dry skin is for your body to protect itself from temperatures dropping too low, and it does this by shivering. Shivering is caused by your muscles contracting quickly which, in turn, helps to generate heat and stop your body temperature from falling too low.
Shortness of breath
Although your nose does it utmost best to warm up the dry, cold air before it enters your lungs, if you are in an extremely cold environment, it’s inevitable that some cold air will enter your lungs and irritate them. This can cause shortness of breath, coughing and wheezing. For most people this isn’t too much of an issue, but those with respiratory conditions such as COPD or asthma are likely to suffer with this more and have complications as a result. To reduce the risk of suffering from these symptoms, covering your mouth and nose with a scarf will reduce the levels of cold air entering your airways.
Circulation
If you’re outside for a prolonged period of time, your body will begin to circulate blood in a different way. Your heart has to work harder to pump blood around your body when it’s cold, and in doing so, it prioritises your vital organs over your extremities (fingers, toes and nose). This can cause your extremities to feel cold or numb, and it puts extra strain on your heart as it has to work much harder to pump blood. This can lead to a plethora of health issues as detailed below.
Heart attack
If you are exposed to cold weather long enough for your heart to focus circulation on your vital organs, the strain can put you at an increased risk of a heart attack. Although most healthy individuals can recover when they warm up, people with heart conditions are more likely to suffer a heart attack. This is rare, though, and is only a risk is you’re outside for a long period of time continuously.
Frostnip/Frostbite
As your heart focuses circulation on your vital organs, blood isn’t pumped to your extremities in order to preserve heat. Whilst this may just save your life if you’re in the extreme cold for a length period of time, it can cause a host of other issues, the first of which being frostnip. This is the predecessor to frostbite, and whilst it’s not quite as serious, it can quickly develop into the latter. Frostnip is characterised by:
- Numbness
- Red skin (likely to turn pale and white)
- Skin feels warm
- Tingling/pins and needles
- Skin is less pliable
If you notice any of the above symptoms, you should warm yourself up slowly as soon as you can. Frostnip is reversible and won’t cause any lasting damaging, but if you ignore the signs and leave your skin exposed to the cold, you’re likely to develop frostbite which isn’t reversible. The signs of frostbite are:
- Hard skin (not pliable)
- Skin feels cold
- Blue/purple/white skin with blotchy appearance
- Severe pain/limited movement in surrounding area
When frostbite takes hold, it can affect the muscles and deep tissue below the skin which is serious in that it can affect movement and use of the area in the future. As the skin thaws out, it will blister and likely die. This can cause loss of extremities.
Hypothermia
The most serious symptom of cold weather is hypothermia. This is most likely to affect people who are exposed to bitter temperatures with no reprieve, such as hikers, mountaineers and the homeless. Hypothermia happens when your body loses heat faster that it can generate it. When your body temperature drops too low, it affects your brain and bodily functions and – if left untreated – can lead to death.
Generally speaking, most people will only experience a runny nose and dry skin during the cooler months, but those who work outside, have inadequate shelter/clothing or are homeless are more likely to develop severe complications from the cold. Knowing the symptoms could save a life.